International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International law - Essay Example nst peace if it â€Å"takes place or occurs in the context of or is associated or linked with† an armed conflict, if the perpetrators are â€Å"aware of true or factual circumstances that led to the existence of† the said armed conflict.1 The armed conflict might involve either non-international or international characters. The non-international conflicts occur when â€Å"protracted armed violence among organized armed groups and governmental authorities within a given State or Nation.†2 Internal conflicts or disturbances, for example riots and the sporadic The Article 7(1) as clarified in the Rome Statute indicates that any prohibited acts are crimes against humanity â€Å"when carried or committed as part of a systematic or widespread attack directed towards or against any the civilian population, with full knowledge of the attacks.† Prohibited acts constitute to crimes against humanity if the attacks were â€Å"systematic or widespread;† there were â€Å"attacks† consisting of multiple commissions of prohibited acts; the attacks were â€Å"directed against civilian populations;† and the attacks were carried out â€Å"in the furtherance of State or pursuant to or organizational policies.†4 Boko Haram is Nigerian homegrown radical Islamist insurgency group, whose name in Hausa translates to â€Å"Western education is forbidden†. The terror group has abducted more than 500 girls and women from the northern regions of Nigerian as from 2009; the group has perpetrated countless human rights abuses against their hostages in captivity. The 2014, April 14th abduction of 276 girls from Chibok’s secondary school in, rural town in the Borno State, gave the much-needed spotlight on their increasing scourge (HRW, 2014). There are limited efforts in investigating and prosecuting Boko Haram personnel implicated in violations of the human rights law. However, since 2009, the Nigerian security forces have successfully arrested many people suspected to be involved in Boko Haram’s

Kants morally impermissible actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kants morally impermissible actions - Essay Example Deontological ethical theory Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher proposed the theory of deontological ethical theory; this has the foundation on the point that only essentially good will is derived from a good thing. This implies that an action is evaluated when the motives or maxim behind it are evaluated, these can be looked at from two angles. First, evaluation of actions by taking into consideration their consequences, this is rejected, a person can control motives and purpose but lack the inability to control the consequences of his/her actions. Secondly what is ‘ought’ means ‘can’ this means that a person is held responsible morally only for a limited number of actions that are under his/her control. Logic as the Basis for Ethics: What action can be described as permissible and hence the converse implies impermissibility? An action is said to be permissible if its cause can be found to be logically consistent and an action is said to be impermissible if its cause is found to be irrational, inconsistent or contradictory (Sullivan 163). This arguments aid in avoidance of mistake and prejudice, provides tenable defense of moral motives, and implies a reply to moral skeptics. The argument can also be said to provide moral universality theory and to give the impression that immorality implies inconsistency and irrationality. For an action to be praiseworthy, the action must have foundation on a logically rational or consistent motive. A praiseworthy action is one that has foundation on a given motive that is obeying the moral law, moral laws are those that are consistent for everyone and are applicable to every other person. Permissible actions are as defined above are those that are because of a consistent motive and are done out of moral duty. The Categorical Imperative: Kant suggested that the moral duty is given to an agent by reason as a categorical imperative (McCracken 131) a person is told how to behave out of an imperative statement. Imperative statements can be considered on two occasions, hypothetical imperative is built on commands for accomplish a particular objective; categorical imperative is modeled on natural law. This becomes the focal point of Kant’s moral principle; to him the foundation of the principle cannot be anything but absolute. An attempt to rationalize morally impermissible behavior will prove self-defeating; this is known as morally impressible action (McCracken 131). An act is impermissible if and only if the action is acted upon the foundation of the maxim that a person cannot will to a universal law; therefore, the permissible action implies the converse. This implies that a person will do an action given the circumstance and because of a certain motiv e, this gives the reason for the action-the maxim. Every person will do actions given the set of circumstances and because of those motives; this means that a person’s actions is consistent with everyone’s actions. The murder example If a person is considering killing another person for egoistic reasons, because, the other person is committing adultery with his wife, consider the impermissibility of this case. The action, which is murder for egoistic reasons this gives the circumstance and finally the motive, is adultery. Every person will kill those people for egoistic reasons, because, these people have committed adultery with their wives. The first argument provides the maxim principle while the second argument provides the universal law; this cannot consistently will that people will commit all those actions this therefore means that the action is impermissible. This example above illustrate classifications of moral duties, the classifications are premised on these divisions, first, the duties to self by implication to others and perfect duties by implication imperfect duties. Perfect duties are done at every other chance whilst the imperfect duties are done at a unique chance but the agent must put thought to it. Violation of