How Executive Order 9981 Desegregated the U.S. Military

The enactment of Executive Order 9981 not only desegregated the U.S. military but paved the way for the civil rights movement as well. Before the order went into effect, African-Americans had a long history of military service. They fought in World War II for what President Franklin Roosevelt called the four essential human freedoms, even though they faced segregation, racial violence and lack of voting rights at home. When the United States and the rest of the world discovered the full extent of Nazi Germanys genocidal plan against Jews, white Americans became more willing to examine their own countrys racism. Meanwhile, returning African-American veterans became determined to root out injustice in the United States. In this context, the desegregation of the military took place in 1948. President Trumans Committee on Civil Rights After World War IIs end, President Harry Truman placed civil rights high on his political agenda. While details of the Nazis Holocaust shocked many Americans, Truman was already looking ahead to the near-certain conflict with the Soviet Union. To convince foreign nations to align themselves with Western democracies and reject socialism, the United States needed to rid itself of racism and begin practicing in earnest the ideals of freedom and liberty for all. In 1946, Truman established a Committee on Civil Rights, which reported back to him in 1947. The committee documented civil rights violations and racial violence and urged Truman to take steps to rid the country of the disease of racism. One of the points the report made was that African-Americans who serve their country did so in a racist and discriminatory environment. Executive Order 9981 Black activist and leader A. Philip Randolph told Truman that if he did not end segregation in the armed forces, African-Americans would start refusing to serve in the armed forces. Seeking African-American political support and wanting to bolster U.S. reputation abroad, Truman decided to desegregate the military. Truman did not think it likely that such legislation would make it through Congress, so he used an executive order to end military segregation. Executive Order 9981, signed on July 26, 1948, prohibited discrimination against military personnel because of race, color, religion or national origin. A Civil Rights Victory The desegregation of the armed forces was a major civil rights victory for African-Americans. Though a number of whites in the military resisted the order, and racism continued in the armed forces, Executive Order 9981 was the first major blow to segregation, giving hope to African-American activists that change was possible. Sources Desegregation of the Armed Forces. The Truman Library.  Gardner, Michael R., George M Elsey, Kweisi Mfume. Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks. Carbondale, IL: SIU Press, 2003.Sitkoff, Harvard. African-Americans, American Jews, and the Holocaust. The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies. Ed. William Henry Chafe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003, pp. 181-203.

Immigration into the US Essay example - 959 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Between the late 1870’s and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, American’s Industrial Revolution fueled the most rigorous period of immigration in American history. Many millions of people, mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe came to America. Most were poor, didn’t speak English and almost all were strangers to America to society and culture. These were the â€Å"New Immigrants†, and they swelled to existing American cities, while also forming new cities in the process. The forces of immigration and urbanization would combine with industrialization to transform a once rural and agrarian nation into its modern form. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before the time of industrialization, what is now called the†¦show more content†¦Although they were unskilled, I type of jobs they would have them do were once that didn’t require little to no knowledge. Because these families were so poor, everyone had to work. Since there were no child labor laws, children were sent to work in coal mines, and silk mills. Women also had to work- mostly in textiles factories or as seamstresses ( â€Å"Becoming American: An Ethnic History†). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This was one of the reasons why the â€Å"old immigrants† disliked the â€Å"new immigrant†. These self proclaimed â€Å"Americans† resented the â€Å"newcomers† mostly because they were different from them and it threatened their idealist, perfect society. These new people dressed differently, ate different foods, had different religious beliefs, spoke different languages, and just plain looked different. Just as with the Native Americans, they wanted to change anything that wasn’t â€Å"American†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many â€Å"new immigrants† lived in tenements when they first came here. Tenements were five to six story buildings with twenty or more families. Between the years of the 1840’s the population of New York increased 60 percent ( â€Å"The Tenements as History and Housing†), so this type of housing was essential in to the lives of these immigrants. This type of housing was very unhealthy to live in however. The Council of Hygiene and Public Health reported, â€Å"It’s onlyShow MoreRelatedImmigration to the US1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdream of becoming United States citizens. My parents came here exactly for that same reason, so they can give my sisters and I the opportunity to live a better life. We were fortunate enough to have our relatives help us get here, making it a little less difficult for us compared to other families that took a different path to becoming citizens. However, it was not always this easy for an Asian immigrant family like ours to become naturalized citizens. It used to be near impossible for immigrantsRead More Immigration into the US Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesconcerns with immigrants and immigration policies have confronted the nation throughout history. This is due mostly because the nation promotes freedom and democracy. There are also unlimited economic opportunities to improve the material circumstances of peoples’ lives. While foreigners are coming into this country, the political view and public surroundings are changing drastically looking harmful for American culture and society. David Cole a law professor views immigration as a positive affect onRead MoreImmigration Perpectives in US1473 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity to make more money. The United States is a country that was founded by and has grown exponentially as a direct result of immigration. A survey from the United States Census Bureau in 2009 showed the current number of immigrants living i n America was 38,517,234. 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US economy has proved to be raised dramatically in the past few years. This made me think about Immigration and the US economy on a same page in my mind. Many questions started populating in my head such as Does immigration in some way affect the US economy? If yes, how? After doing some research, I found that Immigration plays an important role in the US economy. I’ll start with my own background, how this question is connectedRead MoreThe Issue of Illegal Immigration in the US1087 Words   |  5 Pages Americans today, know that there is a problem with illegal immigration. Everyday many illegal immigrants cross the borders. There are between twelve and twenty million illegal immigrants in America. (â€Å"Scary Immigration Statistics† 1) The U.S. should make all illegal immigrants register or deport them to their original countries. The U.S. should also make a program so that the immigrants can get a license for legality. If the immigrants do not want to cooperate, then they cannot be in America. TheRead MoreEssay about Immigration in the US1493 Words   |  6 PagesMail order brides should be banned in the United States in order to reduce the increase of domestic violence amongst women (Chittenden 5), the testing of a bride’s selflessness (Bell 1), and internet scams (Internet Relationships 1). Immigration in the United States has increased over the years. Nevertheless, the process may take weeks, even months at a time. Mail order brides are no exception either. They undergo a similar process in order to immigrate as well. Being a vulnerableRead MorePolitical Dimensions Of Us Immigration Policies1207 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Dimensions of US Immigration Policies Japanese and Chinese Immigration and Exclusionary Immigration Policies Anti-immigrant driven exclusive immigration policies barred Japanese and Chinese immigrants from immigrating to the United States and accessing the privileges of citizenship. Through the Immigration Acts of 1917, 1921, and 1924, the US government insured that Japanese and Chinese immigrants could not immigrate to the United States by creating an artificial geographic area or â€Å"AsiaticRead MoreThe Immigration Act Is A Defining Moment That Changed Us Immigration Policy877 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1965 Amendment to the Immigration Act was a defining moment that radically changed US immigration policy and provided the basis for all that we have witnessed today with its far reaching consequences. Before 1965, the national origins quotas, which heavily favored British, German, and Irish immigrants, was replaced with a less discriminatory system (Hatton, 2015). Many decades following the enactment of this law saw a dramatic rise in the total number of immigrants, and an equally drama tic switchRead MoreThe Effect of Illegal Immigration on the US Economy Essay895 Words   |  4 Pagesacross the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people who have overstayed the time granted on their US, visa or those who have broken the federal law by crossing the border illegally. Matt O’Brien stated in his article â€Å"The government thinks that 10.8 million illegal immigrants lived in the country in January

Economics and Globalization for Business Management †Free Sample

Question: Describe about the Economics and Globalization for Business Management. Answer: History of Economics and Globalization: The importance of globalization in the present world cannot be overemphasized. According to Professor AmartyaSen, the act of globalization has led to the economic, scientific and cultural enrichment of a nation. However, the question is, when did the global integration of markets actually started, and how. It is worth mentioning that though Adam Smith never mentioned the term Globalization even for once in his book, The Wealth of Nations, there is an underlying concept of the same. It is said that even during the primitive time, as the division of labor was introduced, the need for specialized experts emerged, and consequently it became imperative to bring people from various parts of the world that ultimately led to the expansion of trading networks (Ruzana 2015). In the words of Van Der Wee, the process of economic globalization started in Europe during the 11th and 14th centuries (Fujita and Thisse 2013). While during the 17th century, globalization aided countries in the expansio n of trade through the establishment of the British East India Company or the Dutch East India Company, the process continued through the colonization of America by Europe. During the 19th century, however, owing to the growth of industrialization, as well as the rise of imperialism, new trade relations started getting established between nations. Finally from the 20th century onwards, with the invention of technology, the process of homogenization of cultures and nations led to the growth of globalization (Antuneset al. 2016). Again, as far as the history of Economics is concerned, the subject has been evolving itself for more than hundred years. During the time span of 850 to 1000 AD, with the rise of feudalism, the idea of trade exchange emerged, as land was held in lieu of the service offered. Further during the 18th century, Adam smith spoke about the marketing operations in a self-regulatory way, through the intervention of invisible hand. Followed by Smith, J.S Mill, and David Ricardo also started discussing about the capitalist markets, and the utility of goods and so on. Further, a group of neoclassical economists also emerged, such as John Maynard Keynes, who started introducing and establishing the scientific as well as the mathematical concept of economics (Negishi 2014). Introduction to Balance of Payments: The Balance of Payments, also referred to as the BOP, is the statement used in one country in order to record each of its economic transactions with the rest of the world. The Balance of Payments, also popularly known as the Balance of International payments, records the detail of each transaction taking place between a particular countrys residents and the non-residents, in terms of goods or services, liabilities or transfers (Xingyun 2015). The Balance of Payments classifies and categorizes the transactions into two groups, and records accordingly into two separate accounts. While the details of the transactions between countries, in terms of goods and services, or investment income, are recorded in the Current Account, the transactions in terms of financial instruments are recorded in the Capital Account. However, one thing should be remembered, that the data recorded in the Balance of payments is not at all concerned with the actual amount of payment incurred or received by a cou ntry. Despite its name, the Balance of Payments helps actually deals with the details of the transactions. It should be noted here, that there are multiple transactions in an economy that do not in any way involve the exchange of money, and yet these are recorded here (Barbosa-Filho 2012). Hence, the figure of the amount entered in the Balance of payments, and the figure of the net amount paid by a country to a foreign nation, will differ. The Balance of Payments of a nation is highly important, as it helps in formulating the national as well as the international economic policy. One of the important advantages of the Balance of Payments is that it highlights, and thereby helps to understand the competitive strength as well as weakness of a nation In case there the total payment of a country as recorded in the Balance of Payments, exceeds its total receipt, there will be deficit, while in case of receipt exceeding the payment, there will be surplus. It should be remembered that the Balance of Payments helps a nation understand the extent to which a country will be able to meet its obligation of exchanging its own currency as against the currency of other nations (Kyle 2015). Productivity and Comparative Advantage: Ricardian Model David Ricardo is a popular name known for the introduction of his classical theory of comparative advantage in economics, in the year of 1817. The Ricardian model helps in providing a mathematical concept of global trade. Ricardo talks of the importance of Comparative Advantage, as opposed to the concept of Absolute Advantage as taught by Adam Smith (Ishise 2015). According to Ricardo, the importance of Comparative Advantage lies in the fact, that it helps a country produce goods that it specializes in, while buy goods from a foreign country that its own labor power is able to produce less efficiently. This helps the country enjoy economic advantage, and the whole concept was explained by David Ricardo through an example that follows: Figure 1 : Comparative Study of Labor Efficiency of England and Portugal as Demonstrated by Ricardo Source : (Naito 2012) As it can be seen from the above chart, England requires as much as 120 hours producing a single unit of wine, while the country 100 hours to produce a unit of cloth. Again, on the other hand, Portugal requires 90 hours to produce a single unit of cloth, while relatively speaking it requires only 80 hours producing a unit of wine. Hence, from here, it is evident that England enjoys greater efficiency in producing cloth, as compared to Portugal, while the latter enjoys greater efficiency in the production of wine. Keeping this in consideration, Ricardo states that it would be effective as well as efficient if England produces the good it specializes in, such as cloth in the present case, and Portugal produces what it specializes in, such as coffee in the present case (Jaimovichand Merella2012). This is what is being referred to as the Comparative Advantage by Ricardo. From producing the products, in which one nation enjoys productivity, and then exchanging the good with a country that does not enjoy the productivity in that good, and vice versa help of the countries enjoy advantage over the other. This also goes to underline the importance of international trade, as pointed out by Ricardo. Ricardo very notably argues, that even if a particular country excels in the production of various goods, it still should engage in international trade. Ricardo through the theory of Productivity and Comparative advantage, upheld that given the situation where labor difference exists, free trade between nations should be encouraged. Accordingly the Ricardian model is one of the most fundamental models being used in international trade (Kurokawaet al. 2016). Resources and trade: Heckscher Ohlin Model The Heckscher Ohlin Model is another important mathematical model that is being widely used for understanding the real concept of international trade. The model in named after the names of the two most important Swedish economists- Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin.It is needless to state that this model in itself in an extension of the theory propounded by David Ricardo. According to the Heckscher Ohlin Model, the goods that are being exported by a particular country, are those which use abundant and local factors of production. On the other hand, the good which are imported by a nation are those which are produced using scarcely available factors of production in the country. In this way, the Heckscher Ohlin Model seeks to claim that the factors of production, such as land or capital will largely determine the concept of Comparative Advantage as enjoyed by a specific nation (Kawagishiand Mino2016). A countrys trade thus is highly determined by the factors of production possessed by the country. For instance, it is assumed that there is a country where capital and land required for the production of a good are abundant, then it is evident that the total cost required for the production of the good is low. Again, on the other hand, if the country suffers from scarcity of labor, it will definitely indicate a rise in the price of the labor supply. In case of the first situation, it is advantageous for the organization to consume as well as export its products as the cost is low, while in case of the latter, instead of producing the product at a higher price, it is advisable to import the same from another country, where the labor is abundant, and hence available at a cheaper price (Bond et al. 2012). Hence, the Heckscher Ohlin Model upholds that a country should export a product that it can effectively produce, while it should import any product that cannot be plentifully or at lea st effectively produced in the country. This model places a very strong emphasis on the importance as well as benefits of international trade. The model has considerable relevance in the presently competitive market, where as new markets emerge, labor supply becomes scarce, and consequently the price of labor goes high. However, this model explains that in such crucial situations, a country instead of focusing on local market, must trade internationally as the cost of labor supply caries from one country to another. The same holds truth for any kind of factor of production (Iwasaand Nishimura2014). Standard Trade Model: The Standard Trade model is an important concept in Economics. There is a lot of debate going on as to what exactly should be the standard model of trade, and while no economist seems to agree on one point, Krugman and Obstfeld in the year of 1991 claims that a model with curved PPF, perfect competition, and consumer preference, that can also at the same time be represented with the help of the community indifference curve, can be regarded as the standard trade model. Hence, the above mentioned model also includes the H-O Model as well as the Specific Factors Model (Dal Band Dal B2012). It is important to note here that the standard trade model actually incorporates different economic theories. According to this model, the net value of an economys total amount of consumption will always be equal to the total amount of production. According to the Standard Trade model, the differences in the availability of the factors of production in two countries, such as land, capital or physical labor, as well as other factors such as technology will undoubtedly create differences in the productivity available between the two countries. Besides, such differences in productivity will be regarded as the differences in the production possibility frontiers that in turn will again represent the different productive capacities of the two countries concerned. Again, according to the theory, any nations PPF (Production Possibility Frontier) will always be determining the relative supply curve of the particular country. Last but not the least, this model also seeks to highlight the fact that the national relative supply curves will always be determining the world relative supply, which again along with world relative demand will also determine equilibrium under the international trade (Baldwinand Robert-Nicoud2014). Reference List: Antunes, C. and Fatah-Black, K. eds., 2016.Explorations in History and Globalization.Routledge. Baldwin, R. and Robert-Nicoud, F., 2014. Trade-in-goods and trade-in-tasks: An integrating framework.Journal of International Economics,92(1), pp.51-62. Barbosa-Filho, N.H., 2012. The balance-of-payments constraint: from balanced trade to sustainable debt.PSL Quarterly Review,54(219). Bond, E.W., Iwasa, K. and Nishimura, K., 2012. The dynamic HeckscherOhlin model: A diagrammatic analysis.International Journal of Economic Theory,8(2), pp.197-211. Dal B, E. and Dal B, P., 2012. Conflict and Policy in General Equilibrium: Insights from a Standard Trade Model.The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict. Fujita, M. and Thisse, J.F., 2013.Economics of agglomeration: cities, industrial location, and globalization. Cambridge university press. Ishise, H., 2016. Capital heterogeneity as a source of comparative advantage: Putty-clay technology in a ricardian model.Journal of International Economics,99, pp.223-236. Iwasa, K. and Nishimura, K., 2014. Dynamic two country HeckscherOhlin model with externality.International Journal of Economic Theory,10(1), pp.53-74. Jaimovich, E. and Merella, V., 2012. Quality ladders in a Ricardian model of trade with nonhomothetic preferences.Journal of the European Economic Association,10(4), pp.908-937. Kawagishi, T. and Mino, K., 2016.Time Preference and Income Convergence in a Dynamic HeckscherOhlin Model.Review of International Economics. Kurokawa, Y., Pang, J. and Tang, Y., 2016.Exchange Rate Regimes and Wage Comovements in a Ricardian Model with Money(No. 2013-005).Economics, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba. Kyle, J.F., 2015.The balance of payments in a monetary economy.Princeton University Press. Naito, T., 2012.A Ricardian model of trade and growth with endogenous trade status.Journal of International Economics,87(1), pp.80-88. Negishi, T., 2014.History of economic theory(Vol. 26).Elsevier. Ruzana, M., 2015.Historyof Globalization.AnaleleUniversitatii" Constantin Brancusi" din TarguJiu. SerieLiteresiStiinteSociale, (1), p.75. Xingyun, P.E.N.G., 2015. Balance of Payments.World Scientific Book Chapters, pp.453-477.

Puma Marketink Mix Essay Sample free essay sample

The constitution of cougar took topographic point in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler and it became a published company in 1986. Puma’s head-quarters are in Germany. They distribute their merchandises in more than 120 states. employs more than 9000 people and generates gross of 2. 5 million dollars. The present CEO and Chairman of PUMA is Jochen Zertz. Puma has construct a strong. planetary indorsement porofolio. 1 that has become the hottest squad and star ensembles in the industry. In 1999. Puma demonstrated its eldritch ability to place athlets before their premier. such as when tenis participant Serena Williams signed with PUMA. she was non even eligible for WTA rankings. but here aggressive manner and competitory nature prevailed. Serena Williams won the U. S. Open and publically thanked PUMA for their support during here trophy credence address after she defeated Martina Hingis in the Women’s individual finals. Torronto Raptor’s. Vince Carter was named 1999 Rookie of the Year have oning PUMA gym shoes. We will write a custom essay sample on Puma Marketink Mix Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Puma is working on a company-wide for a â€Å"paperless-culture† . wereby all internal communicating is conducted via e-mail as of 2001. They are besides video conferincing installations to pass on between it’s design and development centres ( Germany. USA and Hong Kong ) . to speed up the merchandise creative activity procedure and cut down clip devouring travel. Merchandise:PUMA is the chief manufacturer of partisan drive places. race suits and football places. They are premier manufacturers in both Formula 1 and NASCAR and they are in partnership with Ferrari and BMW. it hase a wyde scope of footware. athletic wear. athleticss goods and manner accoutrements for adult male and adult females. The merchandises fulfill wants and desires based on image. non needs. Customers seek the merchandise and service benefits of the image of Puma. they adopt a alone stigmatization scheme. due to the fact that they sell such a broad assortment of different merchandises and trade names. As antecedently stated. Pumas doesn’t have its ain line of merchandises as such. but they do seek to guarantee that the merchandise lines that they stock are of a high criterion of quality. By high quality. it doesn’t needfully intend that the merchandise will last the needed clip period and supply a satisfactory service for the consumer. It besides means that t he merchandises that they stock are non your ordinary merchandises that rivals sell. but that each merchandise has a higher criterion or offers alone characteristics. Monetary value: Puma’s pricing is design to be competitivete with the other manner shoe retail merchants. The pricing is based on the footing of a premium section as mark clients. Topographic point: The market for big section shop such as Puma is chiefly concentrated in big shopping centres. high streets and online. they don’t sell a Pumas trade name as a merchandise. so much as an chance to utilize their services to obtain high quality merchandises. which consumers need at low-cost monetary values in a really comfy shopping ambiance. Promotion: When consumers hear the words Pumas. they associate words such as quality. comfort and handiness. This proves that Pumas is successfully advancing their overall selling scheme. They aim their advertisement at a preponderantly middle-upper category consumer group and this reflects in their selling runs. This image is besides boosted by their shop layouts and presentation. every bit good as their echt concern to stock quality merchandises.

Contrast and Compare Essay

Contrast and Compare Essay Contrast and Compare Essay Contrast and Compare: Hinduism and Confucianism Professor Williams World Religions 212 05/04/2014 Hinduism is dominant religion in some regions of India. It consists of many diverse traditions including Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism. Hinduism also consists of a wide spectrum of laws of daily morality based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. Raja Rammohan Roy, an Indian social reformer, first used the work Hinduism in 1816 and 1817. It is and English word that he used to describe the religion of his ancestors who believed in the unity of God a â€Å"real Hinduism† (Bacus and Lahiri 2010: 313). It is believed that Hindu worship and belief are observable in South Asia in the second half of the first millennium BC and in Southeast Asia beginning in the early-mid first millennium AD. More than 76 percent of people in India and 85 percent of people in Nepal along with a small percentage of people in south-central Vietnam continue to describe themselves as Hindu. Unlike other religions, Hinduism does not have a historical founder or a codified canon that is accept ed by believers (Bacus and Lahiri 2010: 314). Its roots are the Vedic religion of the late Vedic period and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans. Hindu has several everyday religious practices that take place everyday. The worship of things inanimate, with are gifted with mysterious motion, the worship of mere stocks and stones and local configurations, which are unusual and grotesque in shape, size or position. The worship of a Deo, or spirit, a thing without form and void and the worship of persons who had a great reputation during life, or who dies in some strange or notorious way at shrines. There are other daily rituals such as puja and recitations, annual festivals and occasional pilgrimages. Mantras are invocations, through praise and prayers, worshippers chant and focus the mind on holy thoughts or express devotion to God/the deities. Many devotees perform morning ablutions at the bank of sacred river while chanting the Gayatri Mantra or Mahamrityunjaya mantras. The most visible arena of Hindu worship is the temple, which was located both inside and outside of settlements. Many temples were made of elaborate m aterials. Hindu also observes many festivals. The festivals are considered as symbolic rituals that weave individual and social life to dharma. Typically events from Hindu mythology are celebrated and often coincide with seasonal changes. The festivals are celebrated by specific sects or in certain regions of the Indian subcontinent. Some of the festivals include Holi (celebrated in the United States), Diwali (celebrated in Mysore) and Vasant Panchami (celebrated in Kolkata). Confucianism is the way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th-5th century BCE and followed by the Chinese people for man than two millennia (Weiming, 2014). It is still the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese. Confucianism has also influenced Japan, Korea and Vietnam. This religion differs from other religions because it is not organized. It spread to other East Asian countries under the influence of Chinese literature culture and has exerted a profoun d influence on spiritual and political life. It can be understood as an all-encompassing way of thinking and living that entails ancestor reverence and a profound human centered religiousness (Weiming, 2014). Even without deities and a vision of salvation, Confucianism plays much the same role as religion does in other cultures. Its tradition was instrumental in shaping the Chinese social relationships and moral thought. The founder was Kong Qiu, who was born around 552 BCE. 16th Century Jesuit missionaries in China created the title based on the honorific title Kong Fuzi. Confucian traditions were influenced by the belief in Tian as a moral force guiding the universe, the importance of virtuous

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International law - Essay Example nst peace if it â€Å"takes place or occurs in the context of or is associated or linked with† an armed conflict, if the perpetrators are â€Å"aware of true or factual circumstances that led to the existence of† the said armed conflict.1 The armed conflict might involve either non-international or international characters. The non-international conflicts occur when â€Å"protracted armed violence among organized armed groups and governmental authorities within a given State or Nation.†2 Internal conflicts or disturbances, for example riots and the sporadic The Article 7(1) as clarified in the Rome Statute indicates that any prohibited acts are crimes against humanity â€Å"when carried or committed as part of a systematic or widespread attack directed towards or against any the civilian population, with full knowledge of the attacks.† Prohibited acts constitute to crimes against humanity if the attacks were â€Å"systematic or widespread;† there were â€Å"attacks† consisting of multiple commissions of prohibited acts; the attacks were â€Å"directed against civilian populations;† and the attacks were carried out â€Å"in the furtherance of State or pursuant to or organizational policies.†4 Boko Haram is Nigerian homegrown radical Islamist insurgency group, whose name in Hausa translates to â€Å"Western education is forbidden†. The terror group has abducted more than 500 girls and women from the northern regions of Nigerian as from 2009; the group has perpetrated countless human rights abuses against their hostages in captivity. The 2014, April 14th abduction of 276 girls from Chibok’s secondary school in, rural town in the Borno State, gave the much-needed spotlight on their increasing scourge (HRW, 2014). There are limited efforts in investigating and prosecuting Boko Haram personnel implicated in violations of the human rights law. However, since 2009, the Nigerian security forces have successfully arrested many people suspected to be involved in Boko Haram’s

Kants morally impermissible actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kants morally impermissible actions - Essay Example Deontological ethical theory Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher proposed the theory of deontological ethical theory; this has the foundation on the point that only essentially good will is derived from a good thing. This implies that an action is evaluated when the motives or maxim behind it are evaluated, these can be looked at from two angles. First, evaluation of actions by taking into consideration their consequences, this is rejected, a person can control motives and purpose but lack the inability to control the consequences of his/her actions. Secondly what is ‘ought’ means ‘can’ this means that a person is held responsible morally only for a limited number of actions that are under his/her control. Logic as the Basis for Ethics: What action can be described as permissible and hence the converse implies impermissibility? An action is said to be permissible if its cause can be found to be logically consistent and an action is said to be impermissible if its cause is found to be irrational, inconsistent or contradictory (Sullivan 163). This arguments aid in avoidance of mistake and prejudice, provides tenable defense of moral motives, and implies a reply to moral skeptics. The argument can also be said to provide moral universality theory and to give the impression that immorality implies inconsistency and irrationality. For an action to be praiseworthy, the action must have foundation on a logically rational or consistent motive. A praiseworthy action is one that has foundation on a given motive that is obeying the moral law, moral laws are those that are consistent for everyone and are applicable to every other person. Permissible actions are as defined above are those that are because of a consistent motive and are done out of moral duty. The Categorical Imperative: Kant suggested that the moral duty is given to an agent by reason as a categorical imperative (McCracken 131) a person is told how to behave out of an imperative statement. Imperative statements can be considered on two occasions, hypothetical imperative is built on commands for accomplish a particular objective; categorical imperative is modeled on natural law. This becomes the focal point of Kant’s moral principle; to him the foundation of the principle cannot be anything but absolute. An attempt to rationalize morally impermissible behavior will prove self-defeating; this is known as morally impressible action (McCracken 131). An act is impermissible if and only if the action is acted upon the foundation of the maxim that a person cannot will to a universal law; therefore, the permissible action implies the converse. This implies that a person will do an action given the circumstance and because of a certain motiv e, this gives the reason for the action-the maxim. Every person will do actions given the set of circumstances and because of those motives; this means that a person’s actions is consistent with everyone’s actions. The murder example If a person is considering killing another person for egoistic reasons, because, the other person is committing adultery with his wife, consider the impermissibility of this case. The action, which is murder for egoistic reasons this gives the circumstance and finally the motive, is adultery. Every person will kill those people for egoistic reasons, because, these people have committed adultery with their wives. The first argument provides the maxim principle while the second argument provides the universal law; this cannot consistently will that people will commit all those actions this therefore means that the action is impermissible. This example above illustrate classifications of moral duties, the classifications are premised on these divisions, first, the duties to self by implication to others and perfect duties by implication imperfect duties. Perfect duties are done at every other chance whilst the imperfect duties are done at a unique chance but the agent must put thought to it. Violation of